When after an 8-month voyage, NASA's Mariner 4 spacecraft beamed back the first images of Mars in 1965- to score a victory over Russia's Mars 1 in the Cold War space-race-it changed the way scientists thought about the Red Planet. The pictures revealed a battered and barren landscape, similar to that of the moon, which was in direct contrast to the long-held theories that Mars supported vegetation first put forward by French astronomer Emmanuel Liais in 1860.
In August 2007 NASA launched the Phoenix mission which hopes to study the geographical history of water and search for evidence of a habitable zone beneath the surface.
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